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Challenges Recent advances have illuminated the multifaceted ways in which cigarette smoke reconfigures microbial composition, functional capacity, and metabolic activity across body sites

Implications for Tobacco Harm Reduction Claims The findings demonstrate that both HTPs and cigarettes, whether actively used or passively inhaled, promote low-grade endotoxemia linked to oxidative stress and vascular impairment

John Michael Pierobon is an active member of the Tobacco Free Partnership of Broward County, Tobacco Free Volusia, and the Tobacco-Free Workgroup of the Consortium for a Healthier Miami-Dade .

Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data

[25], which support our results