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Description
Disruptions or imbalances in this microbiomereferred to as respiratory dysbiosishave been linked to a range of chronic respiratory conditions, including asthma, COPD, and recurrent respiratory infections [39,40,41]
Chronic cigarette smoke exposure and pneumococcal infection induce oropharyngeal microbiota dysbiosis and contribute to long-lasting lung damage in mice
Risk factors for lung cancer in young adults
These microbial changes correlated with smoking frequency and activated pathways related to respiration and pathogenicity, indicating that CS exacerbated RAS through microbial modulation [58]
ISSN 1464-3685
