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Tests may be either qualitative (providing a yes/no result based on a set threshold) or quantitative (providing the exact level of cotinine to estimate usage)

The drinking behaviour of parents, carers and other family members is a strong influence on their childrens alcohol use and a family history of alcoholism is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism in children 15

However, Judge McKinley, Jr

One explanation for our null results could be that when it comes to peer influence for following adolescent smoking norms, rule-following may operate differently

Table 1 Equivalency between alcohol consumed and cigarettes smoked based on attributable risks