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Evaluation of the effects of these methodologically challenging chemicals (MCCs) in vitro is typically conducted by liquid application, involving the direct application of a solution containing the test substance to the apical, air-exposed surface of dpHBEC-ALI cultures

Nicotine also changes the way synapses are formed, which can harm the parts of the brain that control attention and learning

High-nicotine e-liquids contained 18 milligrams or more

J Physiol Pharmacol 59:271283 Louhelainen N, Stark H, Mazur W, Rytila P, Djukanovic R, Kinnula VL (2010) Elevation of sputum matrix metalloproteinase-9 persists up to 6 months after smoking cessation: a research study

J Arthroplasty