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Mechanisms of ROS-induced liver fibrosis and cancer 3.1 Molecular pathways activated by ROS ROS exert profound effects on cellular macromolecules DNA, lipids, and proteins initiating molecular damage and redox signaling cascades that promote fibrogenesis and malignant transformation in the liver

ROS-induced oxidative stress also leads to cardiac myopathy due to the mitochondrial damage, perforations in the mitochondria, the release of Cytochrome C and the initiation of apoptotic cascade (Figure 3)

176 , 177 Importantly, a reciprocal relationship exists between AhR and Nrf2, involving both direct and indirect interactions

Theranostics 11 , 22472262 (2021)

However, patients with severe stenosis and significant limitation in their ambulation are often considered candidates for surgery