glutathione assay kit thermo (GSH) Sigma-Aldrich coated with Universal GSH Reduced Glutathione (GSH) Colorimetric Assay

Administration of butyrate-producing bacteria (e.g., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii , Ruminococcus , Roseburia ) has been shown to upregulate GPX4 and SLC7A11 in intestinal epithelial cells (Lee et al., 2025)

Rho and Cdc42 GTPases orchestrate actin polymerization, and microvilli-like structures are formed (Hoffmann et al., 2001

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Ion mobility determines particle number after separating lipoprotein particles by size using gas-phase electrophoresis and directly counting the size-separated particles (Mora et al., 2015)

Authors contributions Wentao Li, Yuanxiang Lu conceived and designed the experiments