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Individuals with a high gallstone risk due to ethnicity, gender, age, family history, or other health and medical factors, and those with known silent gallstones, may want to consider supplements to possibly reduce their risk

It is important to note that although all exosomes are EVs, not all EVs are exosomes the defining feature of exosomes is their endosomal origin, which sets them apart from other EVs 210,211

CSCs exhibit a resistance to radiation and chemotherapy due to the upregulation of numerous detoxifying enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase 2, glutathione peroxidases and heme oxygenase 1, that increase drug efflux and DNA repair capabilities (44,67,68)

Comorbidities of diabetes (i.e., hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity) also have crucial roles in pathophysiology of CKD in diabetes