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Vegans gut microbiota have also been shown to produce much less TMAO, even following a carnitine challenge. A 2013 study by Koeth et al

Which foods contain L-Carnitine Although this supplement can be made by the body, you can also up your L-Carnitine intake from your diet

In addition, carnitine inhibits mucus secretion and interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration in the bronchiolar inflammatory response by participating in the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and alleviates structural damage to the alveolar wall and congestion of lung tissue vessels caused by heavy metal salts [137]

Additionally, ergothioneinepresent in mushrooms and organ meats (64)is degraded by Burkholderia through ergothionease to generate TMA (65)

As the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases and increased oxidative modification of protein occurs, proteins tend to change their conformations, with consequent loss of function, and, furthermore, expose hydrophobic domains to water (8)