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Altered expression of mitochondria-related genes in postmortem brains of patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, as revealed by large-scale DNA microarray analysis

Edres HA, Taha NM, Mandour AEWA, Lebda MA (2018) Impact of L-carnitine on bisphenol A-induced kidney damage in rats

Many oral treatments have been studied, but results so far have been mixed.[5] Some consider the use of non-surgical approaches to be "controversial".[6] Vitamin E supplementation has been studied for decades, and some success has been reported in older trials, but those successes have not been reliably repeated in larger, newer studies.[7] A combination of Vitamin E and colchicine has shown some promise in delaying progression of the condition.[8] Newer agents targeting the basic mechanisms of inflammation have not yet been studied in larger clinical trials

Many compounds that show promise in animal studies have not been thoroughly tested in humans

Furthermore, the accumulation of 4-hydroxybutyrate may have an effect on the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, which then have an influence on the nervous system