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In addition, peripheral nerve injury enhances spinal neuronal excitability through glutamate receptor activation, coupled with downregulation of spinal glutamate transporter proteins and reduced activation thresholds, leading to increased neuronal excitability and neurotoxicity [38]

Lewerenz, J., et al., The cystine/glutamate antiporter system x(c)(-) in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to novel therapeutic opportunities

Under LPS challenge, MCP-1 was significantly reduced by both 25 L and 50 L doses of HA + GSH-C4 compared with LPS alone (p = 0.009 and p = 0.001, respectively)