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doi: 10.4161/cbt.6.2.3575

10.1101/gad.13.19.2514 Genes Dev

-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine can be a substrate for -glutamylcyclotransferase (GCT), however, due to higher affinity and activity of glutathione synthetase (GS), glutathione synthesis is favored in animal cells.[118] In the presence of GS and ATP, -L-glutamyl-L-cysteine is phosphorylated to form enzyme bound -glutamyl-cysteinyl-(P), which reacts with Gly to liberate free glutathione and Pi.[9] This pathway occurs virtually in all cell types (except epithelial cells), with liver being the major producer and exporter of glutathione

By enabling experimental perturbation of spatially defined macrophagestromal interactions, these platforms provide functional validation of pathogenic niches first identified by spatial omics, thereby bridging discovery-phase diagnostics with therapeutic testing