glutathione s-transferase enzymes in plant-pathogen interactions Plant S-transferases: with multiple functions sickness and in health: Trends in Plant Science Known and potential benefits of

Subsequently, the culture solution was rapidly cooled by placing it in ice water

There are some other surprising triggers that our skin is more prone to: Heat ExposureEven without direct sunlight, heat from stoves, steam, or hot climates can worsen pigmentation, especially melasma Air PollutionPollutants like smoke and dust can stress the skin, leading to oxidative damage and more melanin production Skin Irritation from ProductsHarsh scrubs, strong peels, or even unsuitable DIY remedies (like lemon juice or toothpaste) can inflame the skin and leave behind dark patches Hormonal FluctuationsCommon in PCOS, thyroid conditions, or during pregnancy, hormonal imbalance can make pigmentation harder to treat MedicationsCertain drugs, like oral contraceptives or anti-seizure medicines, can trigger pigmentation as a side effect Heres why tranexamic acid works beautifully for us: Gentle enough for sensitive skin Targets the stubborn melasma and tanning that Indians often deal with Safe for long-term use when applied topically Complements other skin-brightening routines like Vitamin C or exfoliating masks How to Use Tranexamic Acid For Skin (Topical Use) Include it in your night or day routine During the day, you can follow it up with sunscreen During the night, follow it up with a moisturiser Start slow 2-3 times a week, then increase once your skin adjusts to the serum If youre new to TXA, ClayCos Tranexamic Hyperpigmentation Serum is a beginner-friendly option designed for Indian skin

Hammad H, Lambrecht BN

SUMMARY Iron supplements can reverse sub-optimal iron levels

They are water-soluble and function in the cytoplasm and mitochondria [47,76-79]