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"L-carnitine + carbohydrate and muscle fuel metabolism." J Physiol 2011;589:963-73

Zargooshi J

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Caffeine causes dangerous heart and nervous-system reactions Xylitol sweetener is deadly toxic to dogs Added sugar contributes to weight gain and diabetes Doses aren't measured for canine body weight Artificial colors and flavors offer no benefit Dog-formulated products give safe, controlled nutrient amounts Whole-food sources remain the simplest safe option Stick to products made for dogs

Furthermore, oxidative stress and free radical production are increased because astrocytes, which maintain the integrity of the bloodbrain barrier, are targets of oxidative damage (Carvajal-Flores et al