glutathione peroxidase gsh-px ncbi The Selenoprotein 4: From Molecular Mechanisms to Novel Therapeutic Opportunities Glutathione Peroxidase-1 in Health and

Notably, copper imbalance profoundly affects mitochondrial functioncopper deficiency reduces ATP production and destabilizes complex IV [134], whereas excessive copper triggers oxidative damage, lipoylated protein aggregation, iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster loss, and impaired fusion-fission dynamics via a variety of mechanisms [38, 39, 146,147,148]

A recent study showed that this might be related to ferroptosis

S11L) and citrate (Fig

Early acute neuroinflammation in the brain often exerts neuroprotective functions, facilitating neuronal repair and maintaining homeostasis, whereas prolonged and excessive activation of neuroinflammation leads to the excessive release of inflammatory mediators, causing neuronal damage and degeneration (Pintado et al., 2012