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10.1038/srep20156 176 YavariM.MousaviS

The development of an artificial enzyme, Sul-MPBs, with catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like activities demonstrates promising ROS-scavenging capabilities and protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro [99]

Interestingly, sustained activation of ROS can trigger various forms of programmed cell death, including apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, oxeiptosis, NETosis, parthanatos, autophagy, necrosis and immunogenic cell death [22, 213, 214] (Fig

This step ensures the transfer of Ub from E2Ub to the substrate, leading to its mono- or poly-ubiquitination

rather, distinct cellular compartments display subtle variations in redox potential and the identity and concentration of reducing agents differ across these microenvironments
