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New insights into progesterone actions on prolactin secretion and prolactinoma development

Catalase peroxidases are generally homodimers and are found in fungi, bacteria, and archaea

Instead of being an issue, Gilberts syndrome provides an interesting example of how an extra copy of a gene might protect rather than harm

MA macrophages activate M1-like inflammatory pathways, promoting low-grade chronic inflammation and contributing to the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders ( Figure 1 Dietary SFAs, such as palmitic acid and lauric acid (C:12), activate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathways, leading to the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-B) and the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), IL-1, and IL-6, a pleiotropic cytokine associated with insulin resistance ( Conversely, M2 macrophage polarization, driven by cytokines like IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-), serves a compensatory role in controlling inflammation, promoting tissue repair, and maintaining metabolic homeostasis ( In the context of metabolic disorders, the widespread dietary shift towards ultra-processed foods (UPFs), characterized by high SFA and deficiency in essential nutrients, exacerbates metabolic dysregulation ( The excess SFAs present in UPFs also promote mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal destabilization in macrophages, further amplifying the inflammatory response by activating NLRP3 inflammasomes ( This review aims to elucidate and analyze the multifaceted interactions between macrophages and fatty acids and their contributions to the pathogenesis of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases