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Molecular damage in aging

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Glossary Abbreviations 1-AP 1-aminopyrene 2,3,4-DMNI 2,3-dimethyl-4-nitro-1 H -indole 2,3,6-DMNI 2,3-dimethyl-6-nitro-1 H -indole 2,4,6-THAP (or THAP) 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-DHAP 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone 2,4-DHBA 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2,5-cDHA ( E )-4-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)but-3-en-2-one 2,5-DHAP 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone 2,6-DHAP (or DHAP) 2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone 2A4M5NP 2-amino-4-methyl-5-nitropyridine 2D two-dimensional 2-DHBA 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2-HPM 2-hydrazinopyrimidine 2-HQ 2-hydrazinoquinoline 2-HTA 2-hydrazinoterephthalic acid 2-MBT 2-mercaptobenzothiazole 2-NPG 2-nitrophloroglucinol 2-P 2-pyridine 2-PA 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid 3,4-MNI 3-methyl-4-nitro-1 H -indole 3,6-MNI 3-methyl-6-nitro-1 H -indole 3,7-DHF 3,7-dihydroxyflavone 3-APA 3-aminopicolinic acid 3-APH 3-aminophthalhydrazide 3-AQ 3-aminoquinoline 3-CACA -cyano-3-aminocinnamic acid 3-CF3-BTD 5-(3-trifluoromethylbenzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione 3D three-dimensional 3D-MG 3D mesoporous graphene 3D-MTP 3D printed MALDI target plate 3H2NBA 3-hydroxy-2-nitrobenzoic acid 3H4NBA 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid 3-HC 3-hydroxycoumarin 3-HF 3-hydroxyflavone 3-HNAH 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide 3-HPA 3-hydroxycholanic acid 3M4HBA 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid 3-MPA 3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-NPH 3-nitrophthalhydrazide 3-P 3-pyridine 4-AC 4-aminoisoquinoline-3-carboxamide 4-APH 4-aminophthalhydrazide 4-HQ 4-hydrazinoquinoline 4-NC 4-nitrocatechol 4-NI 4-nitro-1 H -indole 5,1-ANL 5-amino-1-naphthol 5-ASA 5-aminosalicylic acid 5-HF 5-hydroxyflavone 5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine 6-BA 6-benzylaminopurine 6-BFA 6-bromo-ferulic acid 6-TG 6-thioguanine 7,3,4-THF 7,3,4-trihydroxyflavone 9,10-DPA 9,10-diphenylanthracene 9-AA 9-aminoacridine 9-NA 9-nitroanthracene A adenine AA anthranilic acid AAB 4-aminoazobenzene AAN 2-(2-aminoethyloamino)-5-nitropyridine AAs amino acids ABA abscisic acid AC ammonium citrate ACA 4-aminocinnamic acid ACC 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid AcCar acetylcarnitine Ach acetylcholine AD Alzheimers disease ADCN 1-amino-2,4-dichloronaphthalene ADFA 2-amino-4,5-diphenylfuran-3-carboxylic acid ADHB alkylated dihydroxybenzoic acid ADP ammonium dihydrogen phosphate AFA aquatic fulvic acid AgBz silver benzoate AgNO 3 silver nitrate AGO aggregated GO AgTFA silver trifluoroacetate AgTS silver p -toluenesulfonate AHB 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid AHC alkylated hydroxychalcone AIE aggregation-induced luminescence Al aluminum Ala alanine ALCs acylcarnitines AmP ammonium phosphate monobasic AMT 5-amino-2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole AN ammonium nitrate AnCCA (2 E )-3-(anthracen-9-yl)-2-cyano-propan-2-enoic acid ANI aniline ANP 2-amino-5-nitropyridine AOG nitric acid oxidized G AP aminopyrazine APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionization API atmospheric pressure ionization AP-MALDI atmospheric pressure MALDI Apt-AuNPs aptamer-modified AuNPs APTES 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane AP-TM-MALDI-MSI atmospheric pressure transmission-mode MALDI-MSI Apt-SWNHs aptamer-modified single-walled carbon nanocones Arg arginine Asc ascorbate ASE analyte suppression effect ATHAP alkylated trihydroxyacetophenone ATNEDC ammonia-treated N -(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride ATP adenosine triphosphate ATRP atom-transfer radical polymerization ATT 6-aza-2-thiothymine Au@MnO AuNPs on MnO AUC area under the curve AuNPs-CBS citrate-capped AuNPs BaTiO 3 NPs barium titanate NPs BB7 Basic Blue 7 B-CNWs boron-doped CNWs B-COFs boronic acid-functionalized COFs Bi 2 O 3 @GO bismuth oxide-GO BMQI 6-borono-1-methylquinoline-1-ium BNDM 1,1-binaphthyl-2,2-diamine BNQDs boron nitride QDs BNS-MQDs ternary-doped MXene QDs BOA o -benzylhydroxylamine BP black phosphorus BP@Au black phosphorus nanosheet-gold BPh benzophenone BR brassinosteroid Br-C60 bromoacetyl functionalized C60 BSA bovine serum albumin BSPD N , N -bis(salicylidene) p -phenylenediamine BSPD-OH N , N -bis(4-hydroxysalicylidene) p -phenylenediamine BSPD-OMe N , N -bis(4-methoxysalicylidene)p-phenylenediamine BzPy 2-benzoylpyridine C cytosine HSBF hexa(sulfonbutyl)fullerene (C60[(CH 2 ) 4 SO 3 ] 6 ) CA caffeic acid Car carnitine CCPBA [( E )-4-(2-cyano-2-carboxyethenyl)phenyl]boronic acid ccRCC clear cell renal cell carcinoma CDH1 cadherin 1 CDK1 cyclin-dependent kinase-1 CDs carbon dots CdS cadmium sulfide CdSe cadmium selinide CdTe cadmium telluride CeO 2 cerium oxide CerPs ceramide phosphates Cers ceramides CEs cholesterol esters CFG Consortium for Functional Glycomics CHCA -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid CHCAB -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid butylamine CHCA-C3 ( E )--cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid propyl ester CHCA-SiO 2 CHCA-modified SiO 2 hybrid materials CHCE -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic methyl ester CHC-Mal ( E )-2-cyano- N -(2-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1 H -pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylamide CK cytokinin ClCCA 4-chloro -cyanocinnamic acid CLs cardiolipins CMBT 5-chloro-2-mercaptobenzothiazole CMC carboxymethyl cellulose CNAA ( E )-2-cyano-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)acrylic acid CNCs cellulose nanocrystals CNDA (2 E ,4 E )-2-cyano-5-(4-nitrophenyl)penta-2,4-dienoic acid CNFs carbon nanofibers CNHs carbon nanohornes CNTs carbon nanotubes CNWs carbon nanowalls Co cobalt Co(OH) 2 cobalt hydroxide Co 3 O 4 tricobalt tetroxide COFs covalent organic frameworks COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CPCD coupled photophysical and chemical dynamics CPPA -cyano-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid CPT-11 irinotecan CS chondroitin sulfate CsCl cesium chloride CSNPs core-shell NPs CTAB hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide CTICL charge transfer-induced chemiluminescence Cu 2 O PS@DHB Cu 2 O PS combined with DHB CuCl copper chloride CuO copper oxide CVD chemical vapor deposition Cys cysteine D/I desorption/ionization D4-CHCA D4--cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid DA dopamine D-A COFs donor-acceptor COFs DAA 9-(3,4-diaminophenyl)acridine DABP 3,4-diaminobenzophenone DAGs diacylglycerols DAHC diammonium hydrogen citrate DAN 1,5-diaminonaphthalene DB double bond DBDA N 1, N 4-dibenzylidenebenzene-1,4-diamine DC dansylcadaverine DCA 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid DCBTA 2-[5-(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-2-thienyl]acetic acid DCH 2,3-dicyanohydroquinone DCHA dicyclohexylamine DCPH 2,4-dicarboxylphenylhydrazine DCTB 2-[(2 E )-3-(4- tert -butylphenyl)-2-methylprop-2-enyl]propanedinitrile DDTC-AuNPs dithiocarbamate-functionalized AuNPs DEA N , N -diethylaniline DH dansyl hydrazine DHB 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid DHB/3HBA 3-hydrazinobenzoic acid plus DHB DHB/Q3CH quinoline-3-carbohydrazide plus DHB DHBB 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate butylamine DHNA 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid DHNBA 2,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid DHPT 2,3,4,5-tetrakis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)thiophene DHT 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid DHZ dihydrozeatin Di-FCCA -cyano-2,4-difluorocinnamic acid DIOS desorption/ionization on porous silicon DIPEA N , N -diisopropylethylammonium DIT 1,8,9-trihydroxyanthracene DIUTHAME hole alumina membrane DMA N , N -dimethylaniline DMABA 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde DMACA 4-(dimethylamino)cinnamic acid DMAN 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene DMAPA 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine DMCA 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid DMED N , N -dimethylethylenediamine DMNB 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene DMNB-2,5-DHAP 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl-2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone DMNTH 4-dimethylamino-6-(4-methoxy-1-naphthyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2-hydrazine DMSA meso -2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DNPH 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine DPH 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene DPN 1,8-di(piperidinyl)-naphthalene DPP 2,4-diphenylpyridinium DPP-TFB 2,4-diphenyl-pyranylium tetrafluoroborate DQ diquat DS dermatan sulfate DSP 3,3-dithiodipropionic acid di( N -hydroxysuccinimide ester) DT dithranol, 1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone DTCA 1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophthalazine-6-carboxylic acid DTT dithiothreitol DUA 11-(dansylamino)undecanoic acid EBT elevated bowtie EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid EMT 5-ethyl-2-mercaptothiazole EPCAM epithelial cell adhesion molecule ESI electrospray ionization ET electron transfer ETH ethyne F20TPP meso -tetrakis porphyrin FA ferulic acid FAB fast atom bombardment FAs fatty acids f-CNTs functionalized CNTs FD field desorption FDTS fluorocarbon-based hydrophobic perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane Fe 2 O 3 iron(III) oxide Fe 3 O 4 magnetic iron oxide FeNPs ferric nanoparticles FF flufenamic acid FFPE formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded FGFR4 fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 F-iCOF fluoro-functionalized ionic COF FMA formic acid FMP 2-fluoro-1-methyl pyridinium FPhBA 4-formylphenylboronic acid FT-ICR fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance G graphene G/SiO 2 graphene-coated silicon wafer G 2 CHCA bis-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate G 3 CA bis-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium p -coumaric acid GA gibberellin GA3 gibberellin A3 GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid GB gas-phase basicity GC gas chromatography g-C 3 N 4 graphitic carbon nitride GCB graphite black G-CN cyanographene GD graphdiyne GeNDs germanium nanodots Gln glutamine GLs glycerolipids Glu glutamic acid Gly glycine Gly-3AQ glycosyl-3-aminoquinoline gNG gas-phase nitrogen-doped graphene GNs graphene nanosheets GO graphene oxide GO-VPBA 4-vinylphenylboronic acid-functionalized GO GPC glycerophosphocholine GPLs glycerophospholipids GSH glutathione GSLs glycosphingolipids GSSG glutathione disulphide GTHAP 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine-2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone HA hyaluronic acid HABA 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid HAs humic acids h-BNNs hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets HCA 7-hydroxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid H-COF-SO 3 H sulfonic acid-functionalized hierarchical porous COFs HCys homocysteine HER2 human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 HexCers hexosylceramides HGQDs heteroatom-doped graphene QDs HILIC hydrophilic interaction chromatography His histidine HMPPA 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylpyruvic acid HMW high-molecular-weight HNBN 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzonitrile HNE 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal HNTP 2-hydroxy-5-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine HOA 2-hydroxy octadecanoic acid HOFs hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks Ho-TiO 2 holmium-modified titanium dioxide nanocomposites HP heparin HPGPC high performance gel permeation chromatography HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography HS heparan sulfate HYNIC hydrazinonicotinic acid HZN hydralazine IAA trans -3-indoleacrylic acid/3-indoleacetic acid IgM immunoglobulins ILM ionic liquid matrix ILs ionic liquids IM 1-methylimidazole IMAC immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography IMTBA N -isopropyl- N -methyl- t -butylammonium InAA indoleacrylic acid iP 6-( -dimethylallyl amino)purine IPA indole-3-pyruvic acid ISD in-source decay ISL isoliquiritigenin, 4,2,4-trihydroxychalcone IT ion trap JA jasmonic acid KS keratan sulfate LA-LDI-MS label-assisted LDI-MS Leu leucine LFPs latent fingerprints Li 2 DHT lithium 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate LiBA lithium benzoate LiDHB lithium 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate LiDMB lithium 2,5-dimethoxybenzoate LiSA lithium sinapate LiSalA lithium salicylic acid LISMAs silicon microcolumn arrays LiVA lithium vanillate LMW low-molecular-weight LPAs lysophosphatidic acids LPCs lysophosphatidylcholines LPEs lysophosphatidylethanolamines LPGs lysophosphatidylglycerols LPIs lysophosphatidylinositols LPLs lysophospholipids LPSs lysophosphatidylserines LSIMS liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry Lumazine 1 H -pteridine-2,4-dione Lys lysine MA mefenamic acid MALDI matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MAOG G composite material MAPS 4-maleic anhydride proton sponge matrix@MNP matrix functionalized Fe 3 O 4 MNPs MBA 4-mercaptobenzoic acid MCF mesoporous silica foam mCOF@PEI@B(OH) 2 boric acid-functionalized magnetic COF MDPNA methanediphosphonic acid MEK Michlers ethyl ketone ME-SIMS matrix-enhanced SIMS Met methionine MetS2BT 5,5-bis(methylthio)-[2,2]bithiophene MHAs magnetic HAs MMA 7-mercapto-4-methylcoumarin Mn manganese MOFs metal-organic frameworks MP2CA N -methylpyridinium-2-carbaldehyde iodide MPA mercaptopropionic acid MPLA monophosphoryl lipid A MPNs metal-polyphenol networks MS mass spectrometry MSA 5-methoxysalicylic acid MSE matrix suppression effect mT meta-topolin MT3P 3-[5'-(methylthio)-2,2'-bithiophen-5-ylthio]propanenitrile MUA 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid MWCNTs@PANI multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) and polyaniline (PANI) composite MXenes transition metal carbides NA nicotinic acid NAA naphthalene acetic acid NAPAs nanopost arrays NBS 2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl N-CDs N-doped luteolin-based carbon dots NCPH 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenylhydrazine ND nanodiamond NE norepinephrine N-EA N -ethylaniline NEDC N -(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride NEDN N -(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine dinitrate NHHC 1-naphthylhydrazine hydrochloride NHS N -hydroxysuccinimide ester NI nitroindole NIMS nanostructure-initiator MS NiO nickel oxide N-MA N -methylaniline NMR nuclear magnetic resonance NMs nanomaterials NPFs nanoporous films NPs nanoparticles NR nanorod NR-AuNPs Nile Red-adsorbed AuNPs NRM nor-harmane (9 H -pyrido[3,4- b ]indole) nSi nanofilament silicon NTA nitrilotriacetic acid NTf2 bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide NTs neurotransmitters nZVI nano-zero-valent iron OCT optimal cutting temperature ODT octadecanethiol OGP n -octyl--d-glucopyranoside OMCs organic metal chalcogenides O-P N-C/G, O-P, and N-doped C/G composites oxPLs oxidized phospholipids P2NA N -phenyl-2-naphthylamine P3OT poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl) PA phosphoric acid PAA porous anodic alumina p -AAB p -aminoazobenzene PAAG polyacrylamide gel PAHs polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAPAN 2-phenyl-3-( p -aminophenyl) acrylonitrile PAs phosphatidic acids PB PaternBchi PBDPP 1,4-phenylene-4,4'-bis(2,6-diphenyl-4-pyrylium) PCA pyrazinecarboxylic acid PCR polymerase chain reaction PCs phosphatidylcholines PD phenylenediamine Pd palladium PDA polydopamine PEG 200 polyethylene glycol 200 PEs phosphatidylethanolamines PFCs perfluorinated compounds PFOA perfluorooctanoic acid PFOS perfluorooctane sulfonate PFPT3P 3-(5-pentafluorophenylmethylsulfanyl-[2,2]bithiophenyl-5-ylsulfanyl)propionitrile PFS potassium perfluorinated sulfonate PGC porous graphitic carbon PGs phosphatidylglycerols Ph-CCA-NH 2 4-phenyl--cyano-cinnamic acid amide Phe phenylalanine PIPs phosphatidylinositol phosphates PIs phosphatidylinositols PLs phospholipids PMC p -methoxy cinnamaldehyde PN 1,8-bisphosphazenylnaphthalene PNA p -nitroaniline PPD p -phenylenediamine PPG2000 polypropylene glycol 2000 ppt parts per trillion PQ paraquat Pro proline PRs polyoxymethylenes PSD post-source decay pSer phosphoserine pSi porous silicon PSs phosphatidylserines Pt platinum pThr phosphothreonine pTyr phosphotyrosine PV phenylenevinylene PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone PYM pyrimethanil Pyr pyridine QA quinaldic acid QACs quaternary ammonium compounds QDs quantum dots Q-TOF quadrupole-TOF R rhodamine RCBs ricinus communis biomarkers r -CD r -cyclodextrin rGO reduced GO RNA ribonucleic acid RNase B ribonuclease B RTILs room temperature ILs S/N signal-to-noise SA sinapinic acid SALDI-MS surface-assisted LDI-MS SBA-15 Santa Barbara amorphous-15 SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate Si silicon SinTri 3,5-dimethoxycinnamic acid triethylamine SiNWs silicon nanowires Si-O siloxane backbone SiO 2 NPs silica nanoparticles siRNA small interfering RNA SLs sphingolipids SMALDI scanning microprobe MALDI SMs sphingomyelins Sn tin SNP single nucleotide polymorphism SOMs small organic molecules SOS sodium octyl sulfate SPD spermidine STs sterol lipids SWNHs single-walled carbon NHs T thymine TA tannic acid TAGs triacylglycerols TBA tributylamine TBBPA tetrabromobisphenol A TBBPS tetrabromobisphenol S TCEP tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine TCNQ 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane TETA-SPM tetraamine spermine Tf transferrin TFA trifluoroacetic acid TFLNH trifucosyllacto- N -hexaose TFpLNH trifucosyl- para -lacto- N -hexaose TGA hioglycolic acid THF tetrahydrofuran Thr threonine TIMS trapped ion mobility spectrometry TiO 2 titanium dioxide TiO 2 -DA DA-functionalized TiO 2 NPs TLC thin-layer chromatography TMG 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine TMGN 1,8-bis(tetramethylguanidino)-naphthalene TMNTA 4-trimethylamino-6-(4-methoxy-1-naphthyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2-(3-aminophenylboronic acid TMP 2,4,6-trimethylpyrylium TPPN 1,8-bis(tris-pyrrolidinyl-phosphazenyl)naphthalene Trip tripropylammonium -hydroxycinnamate Trp tryptophan TSA thiosalicylic acid TTF tetrathiafulvalene Tyr tyrosine t Z trans -zeatin U uracil UHMW ultra-high molecular weight UV ultraviolet Val valine W tungsten WCS NPs washed candle soot nanoparticles WTiO tungsten-titanium oxide Zn zinc ZnO zinc oxide ZnSe zinc selenium Biographies Ran Wu is currently pursuing a Ph.D