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Colchicine-loaded hydrogel microneedles demonstrate prolonged anti-inflammatory efficacy by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-) and reducing neutrophil infiltration in gouty joints, as evidenced in rat arthritis models ( Microneedle-based platforms address critical limitations of conventional oral therapies for hyperuricemia, such as hepatic first-pass metabolism and poor bioavailability

Pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-dependent pathway: cholesterol-rich microdomains exposed on the crystal surface directly bind to Toll-like receptors 2/4 (TLR2/4), thereby initiating the MyD88 signaling cascade (Narang and Dalbeth, 2020)

Previous studies have shown that, under certain circumstances, such as the induction of ER stress or blockade of ER-to-Golgi transport, the ER core-glycosylated form of CFTR, including the F508 mutant, can be transported to the cell membrane via the UPS pathway, bypassing the Golgi apparatus 12,13,14,15

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The incidence of mammary gland carcinoma in male rats increased in animals treated with 10 mg/kg/day (3 times the MRHD based on AUC)