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doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa9432

Astragalus exhibits a significant protective effect on islet cells, helping to mitigate injury and preserve their normal function ( The antioxidant effect of Astragalus is a crucial mechanism for the protection of pancreatic cells

One of these is reduced activity of -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, which leads to an energy deficit due to deterioration of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and reduced ATP synthesis, in addition to decreased activity of the Na+/K+ATPase, resulting in high toxicity, activation of glutamate receptor, calcium input, and finally, neuronal death.[46] Findings show that vitamin B-1 deficiency is tied to neuro-inflammation, which plays a key role in AD pathogenesis

Lieberman JA, Papadakis K, Csernansky J, Litman R, Volavka J, Jia XD, et al